Flushing na manutenção de cateteres intravenosos: um estudo observacional da prática de enfermagem na terapia intensiva / Flushing in the maintenance of intravenous catheters: an observational study of nursing practice in intensive care

A manutenção da permeabilidade do cateter intravenoso usado em pacientes hospitalizados é essencial para prevenir danos e garantir a segurança da terapia intravenosa. Dentre os cuidados de enfermagem preconizados para essa manutenção está o flushing, que é a aplicação de solução salina no lúmen do cateter com o objetivo de limpeza. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivos: Caracterizar a prática da equipe de enfermagem na realização do flushing para a manutenção de cateteres intravenosos utilizados por pacientes hospitalizados em cenários de cuidados intensivos; Avaliar a associação de características profissionais da equipe de enfermagem com a prática do flushing na manutenção de cateteres intravenosos em pacientes hospitalizados em cenários de cuidados intensivos; Analisar a prática do flushing em relação às melhores evidências para a manutenção dos cateteres intravenosos, na perspectiva da segurança do paciente; Elaborar, à luz dessa análise, uma tecnologia de cuidado voltada a promover as boas práticas de enfermagem na realização do flushing para a manutenção dos cateteres intravenosos. Estudo observacional, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em quatro cenários de cuidados intensivos de um hospital universitário do município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram 108 profissionais de enfermagem que realizavam a manutenção dos dispositivos intravenosos e estavam envolvidos na prática do flushing. Os dados foram coletados através de observação por meio checklist e aplicação de questionário estruturado, no período de novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. A análise ocorreu por meio de estatística descritiva, analítica e inferencial. Foram realizadas 404 observações da prática do flushing, das quais em 23% não houve a realização do flushing e, em 77%, a prática do flushing foi realizada em algum momento da manipulação do dispositivo intravenoso. Das observações em que houve algum momento de flushing, em 52% os profissionais utilizaram frasco de grande volume no preparo; 97% utilizaram solução fisiológica; 70% aplicaram a técnica de pressão contínua no êmbolo da seringa; 64,5% não avaliaram previamente a permeabilidade. Houve predomínio da prática do flushing após a administração de medicamentos, com emprego do volume e seringa de 10 ml. Possuir formação específica ligada a acesso venoso, conhecimento de guidelines e tempo de exercício profissional inferior a cinco anos foram variáveis que aumentaram as chances de realização do flushing na prática. Quanto aos dados do questionário: 88% dos participantes responderam que efetuam o procedimento do flushing na sua prática; 93% descreveram o soro fisiológico como a solução de escolha; 49,5% relataram realizar o flushing com a pressão contínua no êmbolo da seringa, enquanto 35% aplicam a técnica push pause. No que tange à frequência, apenas 22% referiram que realizam o flushing antes, entre e após a administração de um medicamento. Entretanto, quando essa frequência foi graduada numa escala, nos dados do cateter venoso central, principal dispositivo manipulado na prática, 64% referiram que realizam muitas vezes/sempre o flushing antes da administração do medicamento, 68% realizam muitas vezes/sempre entre a administração dos medicamentos e 79% realizam muitas vezes/sempre após a administração. Concluiu-se que existiram fragilidades na prática do flushing em relação às recomendações de boas práticas que se configuram erros de medicação. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de investimentos em melhorias nos cenários estudados em vista das boas práticas na terapia intravenosa. Em face disso, elaborou-se uma tecnologia na forma de guia de cuidado para a prática do flushing, a ser implementada na instituição como uma barreira à recorrência dos erros.

Maintaining the patency of the intravenous catheter used in hospitalized patients is essential to prevent damage and ensure the safety of intravenous therapy. Among the nursing care recommended for this maintenance is flushing, which is the application of saline solution in the lumen of the catheter with the objective of cleaning. This research aimed to: Characterize the practice of the nursing team in performing flushing for the maintenance of intravenous catheters used by hospitalized patients in intensive care settings; To evaluate the association of professional characteristics of the nursing team with the practice of flushing in the maintenance of intravenous catheters in hospitalized patients in intensive care settings; To analyze the practice of flushing in relation to the best evidence for the maintenance of intravenous catheters, from the perspective of patient safety; To develop, in the light of this analysis, a care technology aimed at promoting good nursing practices in performing flushing for the maintenance of intravenous catheters. Observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out in four intensive care settings at a university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Participants were 108 nursing professionals who performed the maintenance of intravenous devices and were involved in the practice of flushing. Data were collected through observation using a checklist and application of a structured questionnaire, from November 2019 to January 2020. The analysis was carried out using descriptive, analytical and inferential statistics. A total of 404 observations of flushing were performed, of which 23% did not perform flushing and, in 77%, flushing was performed at some point during the handling of the intravenous device. Of the observations in which there was some moment of flushing, in 52% the professionals used a large volume bottle in the preparation; 97% used saline solution; 70% applied the technique of continuous pressure on the plunger of the syringe; 64.5% had not previously evaluated permeability. There was a predominance of flushing after drug administration, using the volume and 10 ml syringe. Having specific training related to venous access, knowledge of guidelines and time of professional practice of less than five years were variables that increased the chances of performing flushing in practice. As for the data from the questionnaire: 88% of the participants answered that they perform the flushing procedure in their practice; 93% described saline as the solution of choice; 49.5% reported flushing with continuous pressure on the syringe plunger, while 35% applied the push pause technique. Regarding the frequency, only 22% reported that they perform flushing before, between and after the administration of a medication. However, when this frequency was graded on a scale, in the data of the central venous catheter, the main device manipulated in practice, 64% reported that they often/always perform flushing before drug administration, 68% perform it often/always between administration of medications and 79% perform it often/always after administration. It was concluded that there were weaknesses in the practice of flushing in relation to the recommendations of good practices that configure medication errors. These results indicate the need for investments in improvements in the scenarios studied in view of good practices in intravenous therapy. In view of this, a technology was developed in the form of a care guide for the practice of flushing, to be implemented in the institution as a barrier to the recurrence of errors.

Mantener la permeabilidad del catéter intravenoso utilizado en pacientes hospitalizados es esencial para prevenir daños y garantizar la seguridad de la terapia intravenosa. Entre los cuidados de enfermería recomendados para ese mantenimiento está el flushing, que es la aplicación de solución salina en la luz del catéter con el objetivo de limpiarlo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo: Caracterizar la práctica del equipo de enfermería en la realización de lavados para el mantenimiento de los catéteres intravenosos utilizados por pacientes hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos; Evaluar la asociación de las características profesionales del equipo de enfermería con la práctica de lavado en el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos en pacientes hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos; Analizar la práctica del flushing en relación a la mejor evidencia para el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos, desde la perspectiva de la seguridad del paciente; Desarrollar, a la luz de este análisis, una tecnología asistencial dirigida a promover buenas prácticas de enfermería en la realización de lavados para el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos. Estudio observacional, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en cuatro unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. Participaron 108 profesionales de enfermería que realizaban el mantenimiento de los dispositivos intravenosos y participaban en la práctica del flushing. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la observación mediante una lista de cotejo y aplicación de un cuestionario estructurado, de noviembre de 2019 a enero de 2020. El análisis se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva, analítica e inferencial. Se realizaron un total de 404 observaciones de lavado, de las cuales el 23% no realizó lavado y en el 77% se realizó lavado en algún momento durante la manipulación del dispositivo intravenoso. De las observaciones en las que hubo algún momento de rubor, en 52% los profesionales utilizaron un biberón de gran volumen en la preparación; 97% utilizó solución salina; el 70% aplicó la técnica de presión continua sobre el émbolo de la jeringa; El 64,5% no había evaluado previamente la permeabilidad. Predominó el rubor tras la administración del fármaco, utilizando el volumen y jeringa de 10 ml. Tener formación específica relacionada con el acceso venoso, el conocimiento de las guías y un tiempo de ejercicio profesional inferior a cinco años fueron variables que aumentaron las posibilidades de realizar lavados en la práctica. En cuanto a los datos del cuestionario: el 88% de los participantes respondieron que realizan el procedimiento de lavado en su práctica; el 93% describió la solución salina como la solución de elección; El 49,5% refirió enjuagar con presión continua sobre el émbolo de la jeringa, mientras que el 35% aplicó la técnica de empujar pausa. En cuanto a la frecuencia, solo el 22% informó que realiza lavados antes, entre y después de la administración de un medicamento. Sin embargo, cuando se graduó esta frecuencia en una escala, en los datos del catéter venoso central, el principal dispositivo manipulado en la práctica, el 64% informó que a menudo/siempre realiza lavado antes de la administración del medicamento, el 68% lo realiza a menudo/siempre entre administración de medicamentos y el 79% lo realiza seguido/siempre después de la administración. Se concluyó que existieron debilidades en la práctica del flushing en relación a las recomendaciones de buenas prácticas que configuran errores de medicación. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de inversiones en mejoras en los escenarios estudiados en vista de las buenas prácticas en terapia intravenosa. Ante esto, se desarrolló una tecnología en forma de guía de cuidados para la práctica del rubor, para ser implementada en la institución como barrera a la reincidencia de errores.

Catéter de drenaje de líquido cefalorraquídeo: usos, técnica y complicaciones para el anestesiólogo / Spinal fluid drainage catheter: uses, technique, and complications for the anesthesiologist

Spinal drainage catheter installation is a procedure indicated essentially in the repair of aortic aneurysms and the neurosurgery setting. It is not always a simple procedure where dilemmas arise about the indication, technique, and complications. The following article reviews each of these topics.

La instalación de un catéter de drenaje espinal es un procedimiento indicado principalmente en la reparación de aneurismas aórticos y en el escenario de neurocirugía. No siempre es un procedimiento fácil de realizar donde surgen dudas sobre indicación, técnica y eventuales complicaciones. En el siguiente artículo revisamos cada uno de estos temas.

Canulación biliar difícil: precorte precoz tipo fistulotomía para evitar la pancreatitis post CPRE. Un análisis retrospectivo de dos años / Difficult biliary cannulation: early precut fistulotomy to avoid post ERCP pancreatitis. A retrospective analysis for two years

Antecedentes: La canulación biliar difícil es un factor de riesgo para la pancreatitis post-CPRE. En estos casos el precorte es la técnica más usada. Objetivo: Demostrar que el precorte tipo fistulotomía es seguro y eficaz. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron los datos de mayo de 2016 a mayo de 2018. Se definió canulación difícil como: litiasis impactada, canulación inadvertida del conducto pancreático en tres ocasiones e incapacidad para lograr la canulación en 3 minutos. Las medidas de resultados fueron la canulación biliar exitosa y la pancreatitis post-CPRE. Resultados: Se realizó precorte tipo fistulotomía en 96 casos (67 mujeres, 29 hombres). La tasa de éxito de la canulación biliar fue del 95,8% (92/96). Ochenta pacientes tenían factores de riesgo para pancreatitis post CPRE: 29 tuvieron un solo factor de riesgo, 26 tuvieron dos, 19 tuvieron tres y 6 tuvieron cuatro. Factores de riesgo ampulares de canulación difícil: calculo impactado 9 casos, abultamiento de la papila en 10 casos, ubicación inferior del orificio papilar en 38 casos, localización parcial del poro papilar en 23 y estenosis del orificio papilar en 16 casos. Diez pacientes tuvieron divertículo periampular, 7 pacientes tuvieron conducto biliar normal. Ninguno de los pacientes experimentó pancreatitis. Tres pacientes tuvieron sangrado precoz, una paciente presento sangrado tardío. Un paciente (2%) tuvo fiebre y fue hospitalizado. Conclusiones: En casos de canulación biliar difícil el precorte tipo fistulotomía es seguro y eficaz.

Background: Difficult biliary cannulation is a risk factor for post-ERCP pancreatitis. In these cases, precutting is the most used technique. Objective: To demonstrate that precut fistulotomy is safe and effective. Materials and methods: Data from May 2016 to May 2018 were reviewed. Difficult cannulation was defined as: impacted lithiasis, inadvertent cannulation of the pancreatic duct on three occasions and inability to achieve deep biliary cannulation in 3 minutes. The outcome measures were successful biliary cannulation and post-ERCP Pancreatitis. Results: Precut fistulotomy was performed in 96 cases (67 women, 29 men). The success rate of biliary cannulation was 95.8% (92/96). Eighty patients had risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: 29 had 1 risk factor, 26 had 2 risk factors, 19 had 3 risk factors, and 6 had four risk factors. Ampullary risk factors of difficult cannulation: impacted stone in the papilla: 9 cases, papilla bulging: 10 cases, lower location of the hole papillary 38 cases, partial location of the papillary pore 23 and papillary orifice stenosis 16 cases. Ten patients had periampullary diverticulum, 7 patients had normal bile duct. None of the patients experienced Pancreatitis. Three patients had early bleeding, one patient had late bleeding. One patient (2%) had a fever and was hospitalized. Conclusions: In cases of difficult biliary cannulation, the precut fistulotomy is safe and effective.

Innominate vs. axillary artery cannulation in aortic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether axillary artery cannulation has supremacy over innominate artery cannulation in thoracic aortic surgery. Methods: A comprehensive search was undertaken among the four major databases (PubMed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE [EMBASE], Scopus, and Ovid) to identify all randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials comparing axillary to innominate artery cannulation in thoracic aortic surgery. Databases were evaluated and assessed up to March 2017. Results: Only three studies fulfilled the criteria for this meta-analysis, including 534 patients. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was significantly shorter in the innominate group (P=0.004). However, the innominate group had significantly higher risk of prolonged intubation > 48 hours (P=0.04) than the axillary group. Further analysis revealed no significant difference between the innominate and axillary groups for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time (P=0.06). The relative risks for temporary and permanent neurological deficits as well as in-hospital mortality were not significantly different for both groups (P=0.90, P=0.49, and P=0.55, respectively). Length of hospital stay was similar for both groups. Conclusion: There is no superiority of axillary over innominate artery cannulation in thoracic aortic surgery in terms of perioperative outcomes; however, as the studies were limited, larger scale comparative studies are required to provide a solid evidence base for choosing optimal arterial cannulation site.

Tratamiento de pseudoaneurisma iatrogénico con compresión ecoguiada / Treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm with echo-guided compression

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad obtenida con la compresión ecoguiada como primera elección para lograr la trombosis del pseudoaneurisma iatrogénico post estudio o intervencionismo. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de 9 pacientes en quienes se realizó la compresión ecoguiada como primera alternativa de manejo frente a pseudoaneurismas iatrogénicos secundarios a procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos ocurridos entre agosto de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 en el Hospital Regional de Talca. Resultados: De 4.070 procedimientos se presentó la complicación en 9 pacientes, un 0,22%; 7 posterior a procedimientos terapéuticos (0,4%), y 2 en el grupo de diagnósticos (0,08%). La muestra se compone por 6 hombres y 3 mujeres de edad promedio 70 años. El vaso comprometido fue principalmente la arteria femoral con un 77%. Los pseudoaneurismas ocurrieron mayoritariamente posteriores a procedimientos terapéuticos (77%); y el éxito de la compresión ecoguiada se obtuvo en el 67%. No hubo complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento. Conclusiones: La compresión ecoguiada tiene un porcentaje de éxito menor en esta pequeña serie que los obtenidos por otros autores, pero al no presentar complicaciones y por su bajo costo creemos debe mantenerse como primera alternativa.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness obtained with echo guided compression as the first choice to achieve thrombosis of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm after study or interventionism. Material and Method: Retrospective observational study of 9 patients who underwent echo-guided compression as the first management alternative to iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms following diagnostic or therapeutic procedures that occurred between August 2012 and December 2015 at the Regional Hospital of Talca. Results: Of 4,070 procedures the complication was presented in 9 patients, 0.22%; 7 after therapeutic procedures (0.4%), and 2 in the diagnostic group (0.08%). The sample consists of 6 men and 3 women of average age 70 years. The involved vessel was mainly the femoral artery with 77%. Pseudoaneurysms occurred mostly after therapeutic procedures (77%); and the success of the echogenic compression was obtained in 67%. There were no complications associated with treatment. Conclusions : Image guided compression has a lower success rate in this small series than those obtained by other authors, but since there are no complications and because of its low cost, we believe that it should be kept as the first alternative.

Guide wire-assisted cannulation versus conventional contrast to prevent pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized control trials / Canulación asistida por alambre guía versus contraste convencional para prevenir la pancreatitis: Una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis basados en ensayos aleatorios controlados

Objective: Through this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to clarify the differences between these two techniques, thus improving primary success cannulation and reducing complications during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, primarily pancreatitis. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to search for data available up until June2015from the most important databases available in the health field: EMBASE, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane, LILACS and CENTRAL (via BVS), SCOPUS, the CAPES database (Brazil), and gray literature. Results: Nine randomized clinical trialsincluding2583 people were selected from20,198 studies for meta-analysis. Choledocholithiasis had been diagnosed in mostly (63.8%) of the patients, who were aged an average of 63.15 years. In those patients treated using the guide wire-assisted cannulation technique, provided a significantly lower instance of pancreatitis (RD=0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.05; I2= 45%) and greater primary success cannulation (RD=0.07; 95% CI: 0.03-0.12; I2=12%) than conventional contrast cannulation. Conclusions: The guide wire-assisted technique, when compared to the conventional contrast technique, reduces the risk of pancreatitis and increases primary success cannulation rate. Thus, guide wire-assisted cannulation appears to be the most appropriate first-line cannulation technique

Objetivo: A través de esta revisión sistemática y meta-análisis, nuestro objetivo es aclarar las diferencias entre estas dos técnicas, mejorando así la canulación de éxito primario y reducir las complicaciones durante la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, principalmente la pancreatitis. Métodos: Una búsqueda exhaustiva se realizó para buscar datos disponibles hasta junio de 2015, desde las bases de datos más importantes disponibles en el campo de la salud: EMBASE, MEDLINE (vía PubMed), Cochrane, LILACS y CENTRAL (a través de la BVS), SCOPUS, la base de datos CAPES (Brasil), y la literatura gris. Resultados: Nueve ensayos clínicos aleatorios incluyendo 2583 personas fueron seleccionados de 20198 estudios de meta- análisis. Coledocolitiasis había sido diagnosticada en su mayoría (63,8%) de los pacientes, que tenían entre un promedio de 63,15 años. En los pacientes tratados con la técnica de canulación guiada, proporcionado una instancia significativamente menor de pancreatitis (RD=0,03; IC del 95%: 0,01-0,05; I2=45%) y una mayor canalización de éxito primario (RD=0,07; IC del 95%: 0,03-0.12; I2=12%) que la canulación por contraste. Conclusiones: La técnica canulación con alambre guía, en comparación a la técnica de contraste convencional, reduce el riesgo de pancreatitis y aumenta la tasa de canulación con éxito primario. Por lo tanto, canulación con alambre guía parece ser la técnica de canulación de primera línea y la más adecuada

Enterorrhagia due to pelvic hematoma after femoral catheterization / Enterorragia por hematoma pélvico após cateterismo femoral

Arterial puncture, better known as catheterization, has become an important diagnostic tool in recent years. For its realization, generally the option is the Seldinger technique, which is considered today the safest and most often used procedure. This technique allows the insertion of large-caliber or multiple-lumen catheters in the vessel. Arterial catheterization helps in several exams, for instance, mesenteric angiography and cardiac output assessment, and contributes in cineangiocoronariography procedures. We report the case of a 67-year-old male patient who was submitted to cineangiocoronariography and evolved with enterorrhagia due to pelvic hematoma. Throughout the patient's care, a conservative treatment was chosen. The progression of the patient was uneventful and then the patient was discharged. It is very hard to determine which arterial segment was injured; however, as the hematoma was located predominantly in the pelvic region, it is believed that an injury occurred at the internal iliac artery, or directly at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery. Furthermore, it is assumed that a catheter kinking occurred during its progression, due to any tortuosity or to the presence of an atheromatous plaque, thus favoring the occurrence of the more distal lesion, rather than the proximal one. We decided to report this case because of its high degree of rarity, with a scarce number of papers in the literature related to the topic. Thus, with the description of this report we believe that other medical teams will have facilitated their decision-making process, when facing a similar case. (AU)

A punção arterial, mais conhecida como cateterização, tornou-se uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica nos últimos anos. Para sua realização geralmente opta-se pela técnica de Seldinger que é considerada a mais segura e utilizada na atualidade. Esta técnica permite a inserção de cateteres de grosso calibre e ou de múltiplos lúmens em vasos. A cateterização arterial auxilia na realização de exames como arteriografia mesentérica, avaliação do débito cardíaco, além de contribuir na realização da cineangiocoronariografia (CATE). Relata-se um caso de que um paciente masculino de 67 anos que foi submetido ao CATE e evoluiu com enterorragia devido ao hematoma pélvico. Em todo momento foi optado por tratamento conservador. A evolução do paciente ocorreu sem intercorrências e entao o paciente foi de alta. Dificilmente é possível precisar qual segmento arterial foi lesado, entretanto, como o hematoma localizou-se predominantemente na regiao pélvica, acredita-se que ocorreu uma lesão da artéria ilíaca interna ou logo na bifurcação da artéria ilíaca comum. Ademais, supõe-se que aconteceu uma dobra no cateter durante a sua progressão devido a alguma tortuosidade ou mesmo pela presença de placas ateromatosas. Favorecendo, dessa forma, a ocorrência da lesao mais distal e nao proximal. Optou-se por relatar tal caso devido ao alto grau de raridade, e consequentemente, nota-se que há poucos achados na literatura relacionados ao tema. Dessa forma, com a descrição deste relato podem-se ajudar equipes médicas a tomarem condutas quando deparadas com um caso semelhante. (AU)

Different Strategies for Transpancreatic Septotomy and Needle Knife Infundibulotomy Due to the Presence of Unintended Pancreatic Cannulation in Difficult Biliary Cannulation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several precut techniques have been used to gain biliary access for difficult cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success and complication rates of two precut techniques, transpancreatic septotomy (TPS) and needle knife infundibulotomy (NKI), in difficult biliary cannulation due to the presence of unintended pancreatic cannulation. METHODS: Eighty-six patients who failed standard biliary cannulation were included. TPS was performed when we failed to achieve biliary access despite 5 minutes of attempted cannulation or when more than three attempted unintended pancreatic cannulations occurred. If deep cannulation was not achieved within 5 minutes for any duct, NKI was performed. If this failed, we crossed over to the other technique in the second attempt. RESULTS: The initial total success rate of biliary cannulation was 88.4% (86.6% for the TPS group and 94.7% for the NKI group, p=0.447). After crossover of the techniques, the final success rate was 95.3%. The complication rate was 20.9% in patients with TPS and 15.8% in patients with NKI (p=0.753). CONCLUSIONS: The use of different strategies based on the presence of unintended pancreatic cannulation may help increase the success rate for difficult biliary cannulation without increasing complication rates.

Noninfectious Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Korean Children: A 26-Year Single-Center Study

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate noninfectious complications of peritoneal dialysis (PD), including mechanical and metabolic complications, at a single center in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 60 PD patients aged < or =18 years (40 boys and 20 girls) during the period between 1986 and 2012. The collected data included gender, age, causes of PD, incidence of noninfectious complications, and treatment for the complications. RESULTS: The mean duration of PD therapy was 28.7+/-42.1 months (range 1-240 months). The most common cause of end-stage renal disease was glomerular disease (43.3%). There were no statistically significant differences between patients with and without mechanical complications regarding gender, age at the start of PD, and total duration of PD. Outflow failure was the most common catheter-related complication (14.3%), followed by leakage (10.0%) and hernia (8.6%). Metabolic complications, such as hyperglycemia and hypokalemia, were observed in three of 16 patients. The frequency of noninfectious complications of PD in our study was comparable with those in previous pediatric studies. PD was switched to hemodialysis (HD) in only three patients. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that noninfectious complications of PD are common, though they hardly lead to catheter removal or HD in pediatric patients on PD.

Mortalidade neonatal precoce relacionada a intervenções clínicas / Early neonatal mortality related to clinical interventions / Mortalidad neonatal precoz vinculada a intervenciones clínicas

Estudo descritivo, transversal, que objetivou identificar a influência das intervenções clínicas realizadas na sala de parto e UTI Neonatal no óbito neonatal precoce em Cuiabá-MT, no ano de 2010. A coleta de dados foi feita em janeiro-fevereiro/2011, com base nos dados contidos nas declarações de nascidos vivos, declarações de óbito e prontuário hospitalares, sendo arquivados e tratados no programa SPSS versão 15.0. Dos 77 óbitos analisados, 94,7% dos bebês nasceram no hospital e mais de 70% morreram precocemente. As intervenções em sala de parto que se associaram ao risco de óbito precoce foram a reanimação cardiopulmonar e intubação; durante a internação, o cateter central de inserção periférica e a hemotransfusão associaram-se como fator de proteção para o óbito precoce. O conhecimento de práticas clínicas benéficas ou maléficas para a saúde do neonato é imprescindível para alcançar a qualidade do cuidado e, consequentemente, reduzir os óbitos neonatais, especialmente os precoces.

Descriptive cross-sectional study that aimed at verifying the influence of clinical interventions carried out in the delivery room and in the Neonatal ICU in the early neonatal death, in Cuiabá-MT, 2010. The data collection was performed in January-February 2011, based on the data found in the live birth certificates, death certificates and hospital records, filed and examined in the SPSS program version 15.0. Of the 77 deaths analyzed, 94.7% of the babies were born in a hospital and more than 70% died early. The interventions in the delivery room that were associated to the risk of early death were cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intubation; during the hospital stay, the central catheter of peripheral insertion and the blood transfusion were associated as protection factors for early death. Knowing about which of these clinical practices are beneficial or harmful to the neonate´s health is essential to reach the quality of care and, consequently, to reduce the neonatal deaths, mainly the early ones.

Estudio descriptivo transverso que objetivó verificar la influencia de las intervenciones clínicas realizadas en la sala de partos y UTI Neonatal en la muerte neonatal precoz, en Cuiabá-MT, 2010. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en enero-febrero de 2011, basado en los datos de las declaraciones de nacidos vivos, certificados de defunción y archivos del hospital, que fueron archivados y procesados en el programa SPSS versión 15.0. De las 77 muertes analizadas, 94,7% de los bebés nacieron en el hospital y más de 70% murieron temprano. Las intervenciones en la sala de partos que se asociaron al riesgo de muerte precoz fueron la reanimación cardiopulmonar y intubación; durante la hospitalización, el catéter central de inserción periférica y la transfusión de sangre se asociaron como factor protector de la muerte prematura. El conocimiento de las prácticas clínicas que son benéficas o perjudiciales para la salud del recién nacido es esencial para lograr la calidad de la atención y, en consecuencia, reducir las muertes neonatales, especialmente las tempranas.

Catéter subcutáneo para la administración de heparina de bajo peso molecular en pediatría / Subcutaneous catheter used for administration of low-molecular-weight-heparin in pediatrics

Introduction: Subcutaneous catheter is a device easy to assemble, which was created for the administration of insulin in diabetic patients, especially in children, aiming to reduce the number of punctures, pain and anxiety of patients and their parents. Objective: To describe the experience using the catheter for subcutaneous administration of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in hospitalized pediatric patients. Patients and Method: A prospective descriptive study in 28 patients who used 87 subcutaneous catheters for the administration of LMWH in the Pediatric Service of the Universidad Catolica de Chile between July, 2010 and November, 2011. Results: Complications associated with the catheter had an incidence of 33 percentin total catheters evaluated; the most frequent complication was the presence of hematoma at the site of insertion (26 percent). These complications occurred more frequently in male (38 percent versus 31 percent in females) and younger patients (9 months versus 12 months), who received dalteparin (54 percent versus 30 percent of other types of heparin) administered every 24 hours (41percent versus 30 percent, administered every 12 hours), and when the catheter was located on both thighs (36 percent versus 32 percent in both arms); however, these differences were not statistically confirmed. Conclusion: The subcutaneous catheter is a good technique to be considered for LMWH in children as it presents minor complications for drug administration.

Introducción: El catéter subcutáneo es un dispositivo de fácil instalación, el cual fue ideado para la administración de insulinas en pacientes diabéticos, especialmente en pediatría, con el fin de disminuir el número de punciones, el dolor y la ansiedad de los pacientes y sus padres. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del uso del catéter subcutáneo para la administración de heparina de bajo peso molecular (HBPM) en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo en 28 pacientes que utilizaron 87 catéteres subcutáneos instalados para la administración de HBPM, en el Servicio de Pediatría de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile en el período comprendido entre los meses de julio de 2010 y noviembre de 2011. Resultados: Las complicaciones asociadas al catéter presentaron una incidencia de 33 por ciento en el total de catéteres evaluados, siendo la más frecuente la presencia de hematoma en el sitio de inserción (26 por ciento). Estas complicaciones se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en pacientes de sexo masculino (38 por ciento versus 31 por ciento en sexo femenino) de menor edad (9 meses versus 12 meses), con indicación de dalteparina (54 por ciento versus 30 por ciento con otros tipos de heparina) administrada cada 24 h (41 por ciento versus 30 por ciento cuando fue administrada cada 12 h), y cuando el catéter estuvo ubicado en ambos muslos (36 por ciento versus 32 por ciento en ambos brazos); sin embargo, estas diferencias no fueron confirmadas estadísticamente. Conclusión: El catéter subcutáneo es una buena técnica a considerar para la administración de HBPM en la edad pediátrica, ya que permite la administración del medicamento con complicaciones leves asociadas a su uso.

novel method for salvage of malfunctioning peritoneal dialysis catheter

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [CAPD] has been widely used as an effective therapy in the management of patients with end-stage renal disease. Long-term use of CAPD needs methods with low incidence of catheter-related complications. Moreover, some complications may cause failure of fluid drainage and treatment interruption. We have innovated and studied a new minimal-invasive method of malfunctioning peritoneal catheter repair. Thirty-five patients agreed to undergo catheter rescue operation by this new method during 2004 and 2012. Under local anesthesia and light sedation, access to the abdominal cavity was made, the catheter and wrapped omentum grasped and the tip of catheter was released, debris were removed and the catheter was directed toward the pelvic floor with a finger guide. The patients were followed after catheter salvage up to the end of study [April 2012]. PD catheter function restored to the normal level in 28 [80%] of patients, and PD was started 1-2 days after the procedure. All patients had an uneventful recovery. PD catheter function was restored to the normal level in 28 [80%] patients, and PD was started 1-2 days after the procedure. Of these patients, 10 [35%] died of reasons unrelated to catheter or catheter complications; 7 [25%] were ultimately referred for kidney transplant; 8 [29%] continued PD up to the end of this study with no problem, and only 3 [11%] due to catheter complications. Catheter function did not restore to the normal level in seven patients [20%]; however, six patients continued PD for 1-18 months with the catheter. Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of this method to the previous laparoscopically repaired catheter, we concluded that this new method is efficient, and is a suitable way for malfunctioning PD catheter salvage

Epidural catheterization in cardiac surgery: The 2012 risk assessment.

Aims and Objectives: The risk assessment of epidural hematoma due to catheter placement in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is essential since its benefits have to be weighed against risks, such as the risk of paraplegia. We determined the risk of the catheter-related epidural hematoma in cardiac surgery based on the cases reported in the literature up to September 2012. Materials and Methods: We included all reported cases of epidural catheter placement for cardiac surgery in web and in literature from 1966 to September 2012. Risks of other medical and non-medical activities were retrieved from recent reviews or national statistical reports. Results: Based on our analysis the risk of catheter-related epidural hematoma is 1 in 5493 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1/970-1/31114. The risk of catheter-related epidural hematoma in cardiac surgery is similar to the risk in the general surgery population at 1 in 6,628 (95% CI 1/1,170-1/37,552). Conclusions: The present risk calculation does not justify not offering epidural analgesia as part of a multimodal analgesia protocol in cardiac surgery.

Horner's syndrome following double lumen dialysis catheter insertion in right internal jugular vein

Horner syndrome is characterized by ptosis ,miosis and anhidrosis. We describe a case of Horner Syndrome as a possible but rare complication of internal jugular vein catheterization

Headache and seizures after cervical epidural injection in a patient undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

Epidural analgesia is widely used in cardiothoracic surgery. Most of the complications associated with epidural analgesia are related to the insertion techniques of epidural catheter. A 68-year-old obese patient posted for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery developed headache followed by seizures after insertion of the thoracic epidural catheter. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed air in the basal cisterns and in the left frontal region. The patient was managed conservatively and the symptoms subsided after 24 h. Later, the patient underwent coronary angioplasty.